Crick, Brenner et al. experiment
The Crick, Brenner et al. experiment (1961) was a scientific experiment performed by Francis Crick, Sydney Brenner, Leslie Barnett and R.J. Watts-Tobin. It was a key experiment in the development of what is now known as molecular biology and led to a publication entitled "The General Nature of the Genetic Code for Proteins" and according to the historian of Science Horace Judson is "regarded...as a classic of intellectual clarity, precision and rigour".[1] This study demonstrated that the genetic code is made up of a series of three base pair codons which code for individual amino acids. The experiment also elucidated the nature of gene expression and frame-shift mutations.
The experiment
[edit]In the experiment, proflavin-induced mutations of the T4 bacteriophage gene, rIIB, were isolated. Proflavin causes mutations by inserting itself between DNA bases, typically resulting in insertion or deletion of a single base pair.[2]
Through the use of proflavin, the experimenters were able to insert or delete base pairs into their sequence of interest. When nucleotides were inserted or deleted, the gene would often be nonfunctional. However, if three base pairs were added or deleted, the gene would remain functional.[3] This proved that the genetic code uses a codon of three nucleotide bases that corresponds to an amino acid. The mutants produced by Crick and Brenner that could not produce functional rIIB protein were the results of frameshift mutations, where the triplet code was disrupted.
Brenner and Crick et al. were also able to correct their frameshift mutations through the use of proflavin. If they had a nonfunctional gene due to a deleted base pair, by inserting a base pair into the general area of the deleted one, they were able to rescue the function of the gene. This is because the bases were shifted back into the correct reading frame.[3]
In addition to discovering the triplet nature of the codon, this experiment confirmed the non-overlapping structure of the genetic code, identified the presence of "nonsense coding", and revealed the high degree of degeneracy in codon specification.[4]
Implications
[edit]This demonstration of the triplet nature of the genetic code, although carried out with bacteriophage, later proved to be universally applicable to all forms of life.[5]
Decades after its execution, the experiment remains a beacon of inspiration for scientists with its eloquent argumentation and straightforward yet impactful experiments, revealing fundamental insights into living organism organization.[6] The results of this experiment inspired many to begin decoding the triplet code discovered by Brenner and Crick et al. Once this paper was published in 1961, researchers knew that there are 64 possible triplet codons, since there are four nitrogenous bases (4 x 4 x 4 = 64). Today, scientists have decoded what all 64 codons encode for, and the assignments have proven to be nearly universal.[5]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Horace Freedland Judson (Author) 1979 The Eighth Day of Creation 1979 Johnathan Cape (publisher), p. 485
- ^ Brenner, S.; Benzer, S.; Barnett, L. (1958-10-11). "Distribution of Proflavin-Induced Mutations in the Genetic Fine Structure". Nature. 182 (4641): 983–985. Bibcode:1958Natur.182..983B. doi:10.1038/182983a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 13590201. S2CID 4253243.
- ^ a b Yanofsky, Charles (2007-03-09). "Establishing the Triplet Nature of the Genetic Code". Cell. 128 (5): 815–818. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.029. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 17350564.
- ^ Trainor, Lynn E. H. (2001). The Triplet Genetic Code. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. doi:10.1142/9789812810427. ISBN 978-981-281-042-7.
- ^ a b Koonin, Eugene V.; Novozhilov, Artem S. (2017-05-06). "Origin and evolution of the genetic code: the universal enigma". IUBMB Life. 61 (2): 99–111. arXiv:0807.4749. doi:10.1002/iub.146. ISSN 1521-6543. PMC 3293468. PMID 19117371.
- ^ Cobb, Matthew (June 2021). "A breakthrough from 60 years ago: "General nature of the genetic code for proteins" (1961)". Natural Sciences. 1 (1). doi:10.1002/ntls.10018. ISSN 2698-6248.
Notes
[edit]- Crick FH; Barnett L; Brenner S; Watts-Tobin RJ (December 1961). "General nature of the genetic code for proteins". Nature. 192 (4809): 1227–32. Bibcode:1961Natur.192.1227C. doi:10.1038/1921227a0. PMID 13882203. S2CID 4276146.
- Sydney Brenner (author), Lewis Wolpert (contributor), Errorl C. Friedberg (contributor), Eleanor Lawrence (contributor). 2001. My Life in Science: Sydney Brenner, A Life in Science. Biomed Central Ltd (publisher) ISBN 0954027809 ISBN 978-0954027803
- Horace Freedland Judson (author). 1979. The Eighth Day of Creation. Johnathan Cape (publisher) ISBN 0-224-01722-5
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